--[[--
lua-bint - v0.4.1 - 28/Jan/2022
Eduardo Bart - edub4rt@gmail.com
https://github.com/edubart/lua-bint

Small portable arbitrary-precision integer arithmetic library in pure Lua for
computing with large integers.

Different from most arbitrary-precision integer libraries in pure Lua out there this one
uses an array of lua integers as underlying data-type in its implementation instead of
using strings or large tables, this make it efficient for working with fixed width integers
and to make bitwise operations.

## Design goals

The main design goal of this library is to be small, correct, self contained and use few
resources while retaining acceptable performance and feature completeness.

The library is designed to follow recent Lua integer semantics, this means that
integer overflow warps around,
signed integers are implemented using two-complement arithmetic rules,
integer division operations rounds towards minus infinity,
any mixed operations with float numbers promotes the value to a float,
and the usual division/power operation always promotes to floats.

The library is designed to be possible to work with only unsigned integer arithmetic
when using the proper methods.

All the lua arithmetic operators (+, -, *, //, /, %) and bitwise operators (&, |, ~, <<, >>)
are implemented as metamethods.

The integer size must be fixed in advance and the library is designed to be more efficient when
working with integers of sizes between 64-4096 bits. If you need to work with really huge numbers
without size restrictions then use another library. This choice has been made to have more efficiency
in that specific size range.

## Usage

First on you should require the bint file including how many bits the bint module will work with,
by calling the returned function from the require, for example:

```lua
local bint = require 'bint'(1024)
```

For more information about its arguments see @{newmodule}.
Then when you need create a bint, you can use one of the following functions:

* @{bint.fromuinteger} (convert from lua integers, but read as unsigned integer)
* @{bint.frominteger} (convert from lua integers, preserving the sign)
* @{bint.frombase} (convert from arbitrary bases, like hexadecimal)
* @{bint.trunc} (convert from lua numbers, truncating the fractional part)
* @{bint.new} (convert from anything, asserts on invalid integers)
* @{bint.tobint} (convert from anything, returns nil on invalid integers)
* @{bint.parse} (convert from anything, returns a lua number as fallback)
* @{bint.zero}
* @{bint.one}
* `bint`

You can also call `bint` as it is an alias to `bint.new`.
In doubt use @{bint.new} to create a new bint.

Then you can use all the usual lua numeric operations on it,
all the arithmetic metamethods are implemented.
When you are done computing and need to get the result,
get the output from one of the following functions:

* @{bint.touinteger} (convert to a lua integer, wraps around as an unsigned integer)
* @{bint.tointeger} (convert to a lua integer, wraps around, preserves the sign)
* @{bint.tonumber} (convert to lua float, losing precision)
* @{bint.tobase} (convert to a string in any base)
* @{bint.__tostring} (convert to a string in base 10)

To output a very large integer with no loss you probably want to use @{bint.tobase}
or call `tostring` to get a string representation.

## Precautions

All library functions can be mixed with lua numbers,
this makes easy to mix operations between bints and lua numbers,
however the user should take care in some situations:

* Don't mix integers and float operations if you want to work with integers only.
* Don't use the regular equal operator ('==') to compare values from this library,
unless you know in advance that both values are of the same primitive type,
otherwise it will always return false, use @{bint.eq} to be safe.
* Don't pass fractional numbers to functions that an integer is expected
* Don't mix operations between bint classes with different sizes as this is not supported, this
will throw assertions.
* Remember that casting back to lua integers or numbers precision can be lost.
* For dividing while preserving integers use the @{bint.__idiv} (the '//' operator).
* For doing power operation preserving integers use the @{bint.ipow} function.
* Configure the proper integer size you intend to work with, otherwise large integers may wrap around.

]] -- Returns number of bits of the internal lua integer type.
local function luainteger_bitsize()
    local n, i = -1, 0
    repeat
        n, i = n >> 16, i + 16
    until n == 0
    return i
end

local math_type = math.type
local math_floor = math.floor
local math_abs = math.abs
local math_ceil = math.ceil
local math_modf = math.modf
local math_maxinteger = math.maxinteger
local math_max = math.max
local math_min = math.min
local string_format = string.format
local table_insert = table.insert
local table_concat = table.concat

local memo = {}

--- Create a new bint module representing integers of the desired bit size.
-- This is the returned function when `require 'bint'` is called.
-- @function newmodule
-- @param bits Number of bits for the integer representation, must be multiple of wordbits and
-- at least 64.
-- @param[opt] wordbits Number of the bits for the internal word,
-- defaults to half of Lua's integer size.
local function newmodule(bits, wordbits)

    local intbits = luainteger_bitsize()
    bits = bits or 256
    wordbits = wordbits or (intbits // 2)

    -- Memoize bint modules
    local memoindex = bits * 64 + wordbits
    if memo[memoindex] then
        return memo[memoindex]
    end

    -- Validate
    assert(bits % wordbits == 0, 'bitsize is not multiple of word bitsize')
    assert(2 * wordbits <= intbits, 'word bitsize must be half of the lua integer bitsize')
    assert(bits >= 64, 'bitsize must be >= 64')

    -- Create bint module
    local bint = {}
    bint.__index = bint

    --- Number of bits representing a bint instance.
    bint.bits = bits

    -- Constants used internally
    local BINT_BITS = bits
    local BINT_WORDBITS = wordbits
    local BINT_SIZE = BINT_BITS // BINT_WORDBITS
    local BINT_WORDMAX = (1 << BINT_WORDBITS) - 1
    local BINT_WORDMSB = (1 << (BINT_WORDBITS - 1))
    local BINT_MATHMININTEGER, BINT_MATHMAXINTEGER
    local BINT_MININTEGER

    --- Create a new bint with 0 value.
    function bint.zero()
        local x = setmetatable({}, bint)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            x[i] = 0
        end
        return x
    end
    local bint_zero = bint.zero

    --- Create a new bint with 1 value.
    function bint.one()
        local x = setmetatable({}, bint)
        x[1] = 1
        for i = 2, BINT_SIZE do
            x[i] = 0
        end
        return x
    end
    local bint_one = bint.one

    -- Convert a value to a lua integer without losing precision.
    local function tointeger(x)
        x = tonumber(x)
        local ty = math_type(x)
        if ty == 'float' then
            local floorx = math_floor(x)
            if floorx == x then
                x = floorx
                ty = math_type(x)
            end
        end
        if ty == 'integer' then
            return x
        end
    end

    --- Create a bint from an unsigned integer.
    -- Treats signed integers as an unsigned integer.
    -- @param x A value to initialize from convertible to a lua integer.
    -- @return A new bint or nil in case the input cannot be represented by an integer.
    -- @see bint.frominteger
    function bint.fromuinteger(x)
        x = tointeger(x)
        if x then
            if x == 1 then
                return bint_one()
            elseif x == 0 then
                return bint_zero()
            end
            local n = setmetatable({}, bint)
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                n[i] = x & BINT_WORDMAX
                x = x >> BINT_WORDBITS
            end
            return n
        end
    end
    local bint_fromuinteger = bint.fromuinteger

    --- Create a bint from a signed integer.
    -- @param x A value to initialize from convertible to a lua integer.
    -- @return A new bint or nil in case the input cannot be represented by an integer.
    -- @see bint.fromuinteger
    function bint.frominteger(x)
        x = tointeger(x)
        if x then
            if x == 1 then
                return bint_one()
            elseif x == 0 then
                return bint_zero()
            end
            local neg = false
            if x < 0 then
                x = math_abs(x)
                neg = true
            end
            local n = setmetatable({}, bint)
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                n[i] = x & BINT_WORDMAX
                x = x >> BINT_WORDBITS
            end
            if neg then
                n:_unm()
            end
            return n
        end
    end
    local bint_frominteger = bint.frominteger

    local basesteps = {}

    -- Compute the read step for frombase function
    local function getbasestep(base)
        local step = basesteps[base]
        if step then
            return step
        end
        step = 0
        local dmax = 1
        local limit = math_maxinteger // base
        repeat
            step = step + 1
            dmax = dmax * base
        until dmax >= limit
        basesteps[base] = step
        return step
    end

    -- Compute power with lua integers.
    local function ipow(y, x, n)
        if n == 1 then
            return y * x
        elseif n & 1 == 0 then -- even
            return ipow(y, x * x, n // 2)
        end
        return ipow(x * y, x * x, (n - 1) // 2)
    end

    --- Create a bint from a string of the desired base.
    -- @param s The string to be converted from,
    -- must have only alphanumeric and '+-' characters.
    -- @param[opt] base Base that the number is represented, defaults to 10.
    -- Must be at least 2 and at most 36.
    -- @return A new bint or nil in case the conversion failed.
    function bint.frombase(s, base)
        if type(s) ~= 'string' then
            return
        end
        base = base or 10
        if not (base >= 2 and base <= 36) then
            -- number base is too large
            return
        end
        local step = getbasestep(base)
        if #s < step then
            -- string is small, use tonumber (faster)
            return bint_frominteger(tonumber(s, base))
        end
        local sign, int = s:lower():match('^([+-]?)(%w+)$')
        if not (sign and int) then
            -- invalid integer string representation
            return
        end
        local n = bint_zero()
        for i = 1, #int, step do
            local part = int:sub(i, i + step - 1)
            local d = tonumber(part, base)
            if not d then
                -- invalid integer string representation
                return
            end
            if i > 1 then
                n = n * ipow(1, base, #part)
            end
            if d ~= 0 then
                n:_add(d)
            end
        end
        if sign == '-' then
            n:_unm()
        end
        return n
    end
    local bint_frombase = bint.frombase

    --- Create a new bint from a value.
    -- @param x A value convertible to a bint (string, number or another bint).
    -- @return A new bint, guaranteed to be a new reference in case needed.
    -- @raise An assert is thrown in case x is not convertible to a bint.
    -- @see bint.tobint
    -- @see bint.parse
    function bint.new(x)
        if getmetatable(x) ~= bint then
            local ty = type(x)
            if ty == 'number' then
                return bint_frominteger(x)
            elseif ty == 'string' then
                return bint_frombase(x, 10)
            end
            error('value cannot be represented by a bint')
        end
        -- return a clone
        local n = setmetatable({}, bint)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            n[i] = x[i]
        end
        return n
    end
    local bint_new = bint.new

    --- Convert a value to a bint if possible.
    -- @param x A value to be converted (string, number or another bint).
    -- @param[opt] clone A boolean that tells if a new bint reference should be returned.
    -- Defaults to false.
    -- @return A bint or nil in case the conversion failed.
    -- @see bint.new
    -- @see bint.parse
    function bint.tobint(x, clone)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            if not clone then
                return x
            end
            -- return a clone
            local n = setmetatable({}, bint)
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                n[i] = x[i]
            end
            return n
        end
        local ty = type(x)
        if ty == 'number' then
            return bint_frominteger(x)
        elseif ty == 'string' then
            return bint_frombase(x, 10)
        end
    end
    local tobint = bint.tobint

    --- Convert a value to a bint if possible otherwise to a lua number.
    -- Useful to prepare values that you are unsure if it's going to be an integer or float.
    -- @param x A value to be converted (string, number or another bint).
    -- @param[opt] clone A boolean that tells if a new bint reference should be returned.
    -- Defaults to false.
    -- @return A bint or a lua number or nil in case the conversion failed.
    -- @see bint.new
    -- @see bint.tobint
    function bint.parse(x, clone)
        local i = tobint(x, clone)
        if i then
            return i
        end
        return tonumber(x)
    end
    local bint_parse = bint.parse

    --- Convert a bint to an unsigned integer.
    -- Note that large unsigned integers may be represented as negatives in lua integers.
    -- Note that lua cannot represent values larger than 64 bits,
    -- in that case integer values wrap around.
    -- @param x A bint or a number to be converted into an unsigned integer.
    -- @return An integer or nil in case the input cannot be represented by an integer.
    -- @see bint.tointeger
    function bint.touinteger(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            local n = 0
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                n = n | (x[i] << (BINT_WORDBITS * (i - 1)))
            end
            return n
        end
        return tointeger(x)
    end

    --- Convert a bint to a signed integer.
    -- It works by taking absolute values then applying the sign bit in case needed.
    -- Note that lua cannot represent values larger than 64 bits,
    -- in that case integer values wrap around.
    -- @param x A bint or value to be converted into an unsigned integer.
    -- @return An integer or nil in case the input cannot be represented by an integer.
    -- @see bint.touinteger
    function bint.tointeger(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            local n = 0
            local neg = x:isneg()
            if neg then
                x = -x
            end
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                n = n | (x[i] << (BINT_WORDBITS * (i - 1)))
            end
            if neg then
                n = -n
            end
            return n
        end
        return tointeger(x)
    end
    local bint_tointeger = bint.tointeger

    local function bint_assert_tointeger(x)
        x = bint_tointeger(x)
        if not x then
            error('value has no integer representation')
        end
        return x
    end

    --- Convert a bint to a lua float in case integer would wrap around or lua integer otherwise.
    -- Different from @{bint.tointeger} the operation does not wrap around integers,
    -- but digits precision are lost in the process of converting to a float.
    -- @param x A bint or value to be converted into a lua number.
    -- @return A lua number or nil in case the input cannot be represented by a number.
    -- @see bint.tointeger
    function bint.tonumber(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            if x <= BINT_MATHMAXINTEGER and x >= BINT_MATHMININTEGER then
                return x:tointeger()
            end
            return tonumber(tostring(x))
        end
        return tonumber(x)
    end
    local bint_tonumber = bint.tonumber

    -- Compute base letters to use in bint.tobase
    local BASE_LETTERS = {}
    do
        for i = 1, 36 do
            BASE_LETTERS[i - 1] = ('0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'):sub(i, i)
        end
    end

    --- Convert a bint to a string in the desired base.
    -- @param x The bint to be converted from.
    -- @param[opt] base Base to be represented, defaults to 10.
    -- Must be at least 2 and at most 36.
    -- @param[opt] unsigned Whether to output as an unsigned integer.
    -- Defaults to false for base 10 and true for others.
    -- When unsigned is false the symbol '-' is prepended in negative values.
    -- @return A string representing the input.
    -- @raise An assert is thrown in case the base is invalid.
    function bint.tobase(x, base, unsigned)
        x = tobint(x)
        if not x then
            -- x is a fractional float or something else
            return
        end
        base = base or 10
        if not (base >= 2 and base <= 36) then
            -- number base is too large
            return
        end
        if unsigned == nil then
            unsigned = base ~= 10
        end
        local isxneg = x:isneg()
        if (base == 10 and not unsigned) or (base == 16 and unsigned and not isxneg) then
            if x <= BINT_MATHMAXINTEGER and x >= BINT_MATHMININTEGER then
                -- integer is small, use tostring or string.format (faster)
                local n = x:tointeger()
                if base == 10 then
                    return tostring(n)
                elseif unsigned then
                    return string_format('%x', n)
                end
            end
        end
        local ss = {}
        local neg = not unsigned and isxneg
        x = neg and x:abs() or bint_new(x)
        local xiszero = x:iszero()
        if xiszero then
            return '0'
        end
        -- calculate basepow
        local step = 0
        local basepow = 1
        local limit = (BINT_WORDMSB - 1) // base
        repeat
            step = step + 1
            basepow = basepow * base
        until basepow >= limit
        -- serialize base digits
        local size = BINT_SIZE
        local xd, carry, d
        repeat
            -- single word division
            carry = 0
            xiszero = true
            for i = size, 1, -1 do
                carry = carry | x[i]
                d, xd = carry // basepow, carry % basepow
                if xiszero and d ~= 0 then
                    size = i
                    xiszero = false
                end
                x[i] = d
                carry = xd << BINT_WORDBITS
            end
            -- digit division
            for _ = 1, step do
                xd, d = xd // base, xd % base
                if xiszero and xd == 0 and d == 0 then
                    -- stop on leading zeros
                    break
                end
                table_insert(ss, 1, BASE_LETTERS[d])
            end
        until xiszero
        if neg then
            table_insert(ss, 1, '-')
        end
        return table_concat(ss)
    end

    local function bint_assert_convert(x)
        return assert(tobint(x), 'value has not integer representation')
    end

    --- Check if a number is 0 considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.iszero(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                if x[i] ~= 0 then
                    return false
                end
            end
            return true
        end
        return x == 0
    end

    --- Check if a number is 1 considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.isone(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            if x[1] ~= 1 then
                return false
            end
            for i = 2, BINT_SIZE do
                if x[i] ~= 0 then
                    return false
                end
            end
            return true
        end
        return x == 1
    end

    --- Check if a number is -1 considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.isminusone(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                if x[i] ~= BINT_WORDMAX then
                    return false
                end
            end
            return true
        end
        return x == -1
    end
    local bint_isminusone = bint.isminusone

    --- Check if the input is a bint.
    -- @param x Any lua value.
    function bint.isbint(x)
        return getmetatable(x) == bint
    end

    --- Check if the input is a lua integer or a bint.
    -- @param x Any lua value.
    function bint.isintegral(x)
        return getmetatable(x) == bint or math_type(x) == 'integer'
    end

    --- Check if the input is a bint or a lua number.
    -- @param x Any lua value.
    function bint.isnumeric(x)
        return getmetatable(x) == bint or type(x) == 'number'
    end

    --- Get the number type of the input (bint, integer or float).
    -- @param x Any lua value.
    -- @return Returns "bint" for bints, "integer" for lua integers,
    -- "float" from lua floats or nil otherwise.
    function bint.type(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return 'bint'
        end
        return math_type(x)
    end

    --- Check if a number is negative considering bints.
    -- Zero is guaranteed to never be negative for bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.isneg(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return x[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
        end
        return x < 0
    end
    local bint_isneg = bint.isneg

    --- Check if a number is positive considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.ispos(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return not x:isneg() and not x:iszero()
        end
        return x > 0
    end

    --- Check if a number is even considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.iseven(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return x[1] & 1 == 0
        end
        return math_abs(x) % 2 == 0
    end

    --- Check if a number is odd considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number.
    function bint.isodd(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return x[1] & 1 == 1
        end
        return math_abs(x) % 2 == 1
    end

    --- Create a new bint with the maximum possible integer value.
    function bint.maxinteger()
        local x = setmetatable({}, bint)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE - 1 do
            x[i] = BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        x[BINT_SIZE] = BINT_WORDMAX ~ BINT_WORDMSB
        return x
    end

    --- Create a new bint with the minimum possible integer value.
    function bint.mininteger()
        local x = setmetatable({}, bint)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE - 1 do
            x[i] = 0
        end
        x[BINT_SIZE] = BINT_WORDMSB
        return x
    end

    --- Bitwise left shift a bint in one bit (in-place).
    function bint:_shlone()
        local wordbitsm1 = BINT_WORDBITS - 1
        for i = BINT_SIZE, 2, -1 do
            self[i] = ((self[i] << 1) | (self[i - 1] >> wordbitsm1)) & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        self[1] = (self[1] << 1) & BINT_WORDMAX
        return self
    end

    --- Bitwise right shift a bint in one bit (in-place).
    function bint:_shrone()
        local wordbitsm1 = BINT_WORDBITS - 1
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE - 1 do
            self[i] = ((self[i] >> 1) | (self[i + 1] << wordbitsm1)) & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        self[BINT_SIZE] = self[BINT_SIZE] >> 1
        return self
    end

    -- Bitwise left shift words of a bint (in-place). Used only internally.
    function bint:_shlwords(n)
        for i = BINT_SIZE, n + 1, -1 do
            self[i] = self[i - n]
        end
        for i = 1, n do
            self[i] = 0
        end
        return self
    end

    -- Bitwise right shift words of a bint (in-place). Used only internally.
    function bint:_shrwords(n)
        if n < BINT_SIZE then
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE - n do
                self[i] = self[i + n]
            end
            for i = BINT_SIZE - n + 1, BINT_SIZE do
                self[i] = 0
            end
        else
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                self[i] = 0
            end
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Increment a bint by one (in-place).
    function bint:_inc()
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            local tmp = self[i]
            local v = (tmp + 1) & BINT_WORDMAX
            self[i] = v
            if v > tmp then
                break
            end
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Increment a number by one considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to increment.
    function bint.inc(x)
        local ix = tobint(x, true)
        if ix then
            return ix:_inc()
        end
        return x + 1
    end

    --- Decrement a bint by one (in-place).
    function bint:_dec()
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            local tmp = self[i]
            local v = (tmp - 1) & BINT_WORDMAX
            self[i] = v
            if not (v > tmp) then
                break
            end
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Decrement a number by one considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to decrement.
    function bint.dec(x)
        local ix = tobint(x, true)
        if ix then
            return ix:_dec()
        end
        return x - 1
    end

    --- Assign a bint to a new value (in-place).
    -- @param y A value to be copied from.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_assign(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            self[i] = y[i]
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Take absolute of a bint (in-place).
    function bint:_abs()
        if self:isneg() then
            self:_unm()
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Take absolute of a number considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to take the absolute.
    function bint.abs(x)
        local ix = tobint(x, true)
        if ix then
            return ix:_abs()
        end
        return math_abs(x)
    end
    local bint_abs = bint.abs

    --- Take the floor of a number considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to perform the floor operation.
    function bint.floor(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return bint_new(x)
        end
        return bint_new(math_floor(tonumber(x)))
    end

    --- Take ceil of a number considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to perform the ceil operation.
    function bint.ceil(x)
        if getmetatable(x) == bint then
            return bint_new(x)
        end
        return bint_new(math_ceil(tonumber(x)))
    end

    --- Wrap around bits of an integer (discarding left bits) considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y Number of right bits to preserve.
    function bint.bwrap(x, y)
        x = bint_assert_convert(x)
        if y <= 0 then
            return bint_zero()
        elseif y < BINT_BITS then
            return x & (bint_one() << y):_dec()
        end
        return bint_new(x)
    end

    --- Rotate left integer x by y bits considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y Number of bits to rotate.
    function bint.brol(x, y)
        x, y = bint_assert_convert(x), bint_assert_tointeger(y)
        if y > 0 then
            return (x << y) | (x >> (BINT_BITS - y))
        elseif y < 0 then
            return x:bror(-y)
        end
        return x
    end

    --- Rotate right integer x by y bits considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y Number of bits to rotate.
    function bint.bror(x, y)
        x, y = bint_assert_convert(x), bint_assert_tointeger(y)
        if y > 0 then
            return (x >> y) | (x << (BINT_BITS - y))
        elseif y < 0 then
            return x:brol(-y)
        end
        return x
    end

    --- Truncate a number to a bint.
    -- Floats numbers are truncated, that is, the fractional port is discarded.
    -- @param x A number to truncate.
    -- @return A new bint or nil in case the input does not fit in a bint or is not a number.
    function bint.trunc(x)
        if getmetatable(x) ~= bint then
            x = tonumber(x)
            if x then
                local ty = math_type(x)
                if ty == 'float' then
                    -- truncate to integer
                    x = math_modf(x)
                end
                return bint_frominteger(x)
            end
            return
        end
        return bint_new(x)
    end

    --- Take maximum between two numbers considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or lua number to compare.
    -- @param y A bint or lua number to compare.
    -- @return A bint or a lua number. Guarantees to return a new bint for integer values.
    function bint.max(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            return bint_new(ix > iy and ix or iy)
        end
        return bint_parse(math_max(x, y))
    end

    --- Take minimum between two numbers considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or lua number to compare.
    -- @param y A bint or lua number to compare.
    -- @return A bint or a lua number. Guarantees to return a new bint for integer values.
    function bint.min(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            return bint_new(ix < iy and ix or iy)
        end
        return bint_parse(math_min(x, y))
    end

    --- Add an integer to a bint (in-place).
    -- @param y An integer to be added.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_add(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        local carry = 0
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            local tmp = self[i] + y[i] + carry
            carry = tmp >> BINT_WORDBITS
            self[i] = tmp & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Add two numbers considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to be added.
    -- @param y A bint or a lua number to be added.
    function bint.__add(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local z = setmetatable({}, bint)
            local carry = 0
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                local tmp = ix[i] + iy[i] + carry
                carry = tmp >> BINT_WORDBITS
                z[i] = tmp & BINT_WORDMAX
            end
            return z
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) + bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Subtract an integer from a bint (in-place).
    -- @param y An integer to subtract.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_sub(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        local borrow = 0
        local wordmaxp1 = BINT_WORDMAX + 1
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            local res = self[i] + wordmaxp1 - y[i] - borrow
            self[i] = res & BINT_WORDMAX
            borrow = (res >> BINT_WORDBITS) ~ 1
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Subtract two numbers considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to be subtracted from.
    -- @param y A bint or a lua number to subtract.
    function bint.__sub(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local z = setmetatable({}, bint)
            local borrow = 0
            local wordmaxp1 = BINT_WORDMAX + 1
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                local res = ix[i] + wordmaxp1 - iy[i] - borrow
                z[i] = res & BINT_WORDMAX
                borrow = (res >> BINT_WORDBITS) ~ 1
            end
            return z
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) - bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Multiply two numbers considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or a lua number to multiply.
    -- @param y A bint or a lua number to multiply.
    function bint.__mul(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local z = bint_zero()
            local sizep1 = BINT_SIZE + 1
            local s = sizep1
            local e = 0
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
                if ix[i] ~= 0 or iy[i] ~= 0 then
                    e = math_max(e, i)
                    s = math_min(s, i)
                end
            end
            for i = s, e do
                for j = s, math_min(sizep1 - i, e) do
                    local a = ix[i] * iy[j]
                    if a ~= 0 then
                        local carry = 0
                        for k = i + j - 1, BINT_SIZE do
                            local tmp = z[k] + (a & BINT_WORDMAX) + carry
                            carry = tmp >> BINT_WORDBITS
                            z[k] = tmp & BINT_WORDMAX
                            a = a >> BINT_WORDBITS
                        end
                    end
                end
            end
            return z
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) * bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Check if bints are equal.
    -- @param x A bint to compare.
    -- @param y A bint to compare.
    function bint.__eq(x, y)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            if x[i] ~= y[i] then
                return false
            end
        end
        return true
    end

    --- Check if numbers are equal considering bints.
    -- @param x A bint or lua number to compare.
    -- @param y A bint or lua number to compare.
    function bint.eq(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            return ix == iy
        end
        return x == y
    end
    local bint_eq = bint.eq

    local function findleftbit(x)
        for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
            local v = x[i]
            if v ~= 0 then
                local j = 0
                repeat
                    v = v >> 1
                    j = j + 1
                until v == 0
                return (i - 1) * BINT_WORDBITS + j - 1, i
            end
        end
    end

    -- Single word division modulus
    local function sudivmod(nume, deno)
        local rema
        local carry = 0
        for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
            carry = carry | nume[i]
            nume[i] = carry // deno
            rema = carry % deno
            carry = rema << BINT_WORDBITS
        end
        return rema
    end

    --- Perform unsigned division and modulo operation between two integers considering bints.
    -- This is effectively the same of @{bint.udiv} and @{bint.umod}.
    -- @param x The numerator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y The denominator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @return The quotient following the remainder, both bints.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero
    -- or if inputs are not convertible to integers.
    -- @see bint.udiv
    -- @see bint.umod
    function bint.udivmod(x, y)
        local nume = bint_new(x)
        local deno = bint_assert_convert(y)
        -- compute if high bits of denominator are all zeros
        local ishighzero = true
        for i = 2, BINT_SIZE do
            if deno[i] ~= 0 then
                ishighzero = false
                break
            end
        end
        if ishighzero then
            -- try to divide by a single word (optimization)
            local low = deno[1]
            assert(low ~= 0, 'attempt to divide by zero')
            if low == 1 then
                -- denominator is one
                return nume, bint_zero()
            elseif low <= (BINT_WORDMSB - 1) then
                -- can do single word division
                local rema = sudivmod(nume, low)
                return nume, bint_fromuinteger(rema)
            end
        end
        if nume:ult(deno) then
            -- denominator is greater than numerator
            return bint_zero(), nume
        end
        -- align leftmost digits in numerator and denominator
        local denolbit = findleftbit(deno)
        local numelbit, numesize = findleftbit(nume)
        local bit = numelbit - denolbit
        deno = deno << bit
        local wordmaxp1 = BINT_WORDMAX + 1
        local wordbitsm1 = BINT_WORDBITS - 1
        local denosize = numesize
        local quot = bint_zero()
        while bit >= 0 do
            -- compute denominator <= numerator
            local le = true
            local size = math_max(numesize, denosize)
            for i = size, 1, -1 do
                local a, b = deno[i], nume[i]
                if a ~= b then
                    le = a < b
                    break
                end
            end
            -- if the portion of the numerator above the denominator is greater or equal than to the denominator
            if le then
                -- subtract denominator from the portion of the numerator
                local borrow = 0
                for i = 1, size do
                    local res = nume[i] + wordmaxp1 - deno[i] - borrow
                    nume[i] = res & BINT_WORDMAX
                    borrow = (res >> BINT_WORDBITS) ~ 1
                end
                -- concatenate 1 to the right bit of the quotient
                local i = (bit // BINT_WORDBITS) + 1
                quot[i] = quot[i] | (1 << (bit % BINT_WORDBITS))
            end
            -- shift right the denominator in one bit
            for i = 1, denosize - 1 do
                deno[i] = ((deno[i] >> 1) | (deno[i + 1] << wordbitsm1)) & BINT_WORDMAX
            end
            local lastdenoword = deno[denosize] >> 1
            deno[denosize] = lastdenoword
            -- recalculate denominator size (optimization)
            if lastdenoword == 0 then
                while deno[denosize] == 0 do
                    denosize = denosize - 1
                end
                if denosize == 0 then
                    break
                end
            end
            -- decrement current set bit for the quotient
            bit = bit - 1
        end
        -- the remaining numerator is the remainder
        return quot, nume
    end
    local bint_udivmod = bint.udivmod

    --- Perform unsigned division between two integers considering bints.
    -- @param x The numerator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y The denominator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @return The quotient, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero
    -- or if inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.udiv(x, y)
        return (bint_udivmod(x, y))
    end

    --- Perform unsigned integer modulo operation between two integers considering bints.
    -- @param x The numerator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @param y The denominator, must be a bint or a lua integer.
    -- @return The remainder, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero
    -- or if the inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.umod(x, y)
        local _, rema = bint_udivmod(x, y)
        return rema
    end
    local bint_umod = bint.umod

    --- Perform integer truncate division and modulo operation between two numbers considering bints.
    -- This is effectively the same of @{bint.tdiv} and @{bint.tmod}.
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The quotient following the remainder, both bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero or on division overflow.
    -- @see bint.tdiv
    -- @see bint.tmod
    function bint.tdivmod(x, y)
        local ax, ay = bint_abs(x), bint_abs(y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(ax), tobint(ay)
        local quot, rema
        if ix and iy then
            assert(not (bint_eq(x, BINT_MININTEGER) and bint_isminusone(y)), 'division overflow')
            quot, rema = bint_udivmod(ix, iy)
        else
            quot, rema = ax // ay, ax % ay
        end
        local isxneg, isyneg = bint_isneg(x), bint_isneg(y)
        if isxneg ~= isyneg then
            quot = -quot
        end
        if isxneg then
            rema = -rema
        end
        return quot, rema
    end
    local bint_tdivmod = bint.tdivmod

    --- Perform truncate division between two numbers considering bints.
    -- Truncate division is a division that rounds the quotient towards zero.
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The quotient, a bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero or on division overflow.
    function bint.tdiv(x, y)
        return (bint_tdivmod(x, y))
    end

    --- Perform integer truncate modulo operation between two numbers considering bints.
    -- The operation is defined as the remainder of the truncate division
    -- (division that rounds the quotient towards zero).
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The remainder, a bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero or on division overflow.
    function bint.tmod(x, y)
        local _, rema = bint_tdivmod(x, y)
        return rema
    end

    --- Perform integer floor division and modulo operation between two numbers considering bints.
    -- This is effectively the same of @{bint.__idiv} and @{bint.__mod}.
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The quotient following the remainder, both bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero.
    -- @see bint.__idiv
    -- @see bint.__mod
    function bint.idivmod(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local isnumeneg = ix[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            local isdenoneg = iy[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            if isnumeneg then
                ix = -ix
            end
            if isdenoneg then
                iy = -iy
            end
            local quot, rema = bint_udivmod(ix, iy)
            if isnumeneg ~= isdenoneg then
                quot:_unm()
                -- round quotient towards minus infinity
                if not rema:iszero() then
                    quot:_dec()
                    -- adjust the remainder
                    if isnumeneg and not isdenoneg then
                        rema:_unm():_add(y)
                    elseif isdenoneg and not isnumeneg then
                        rema:_add(y)
                    end
                end
            elseif isnumeneg then
                -- adjust the remainder
                rema:_unm()
            end
            return quot, rema
        end
        local nx, ny = bint_tonumber(x), bint_tonumber(y)
        return nx // ny, nx % ny
    end
    local bint_idivmod = bint.idivmod

    --- Perform floor division between two numbers considering bints.
    -- Floor division is a division that rounds the quotient towards minus infinity,
    -- resulting in the floor of the division of its operands.
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The quotient, a bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero.
    function bint.__idiv(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local isnumeneg = ix[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            local isdenoneg = iy[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            if isnumeneg then
                ix = -ix
            end
            if isdenoneg then
                iy = -iy
            end
            local quot, rema = bint_udivmod(ix, iy)
            if isnumeneg ~= isdenoneg then
                quot:_unm()
                -- round quotient towards minus infinity
                if not rema:iszero() then
                    quot:_dec()
                end
            end
            return quot, rema
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) // bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Perform division between two numbers considering bints.
    -- This always casts inputs to floats, for integer division only use @{bint.__idiv}.
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The quotient, a lua number.
    function bint.__div(x, y)
        return bint_tonumber(x) / bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Perform integer floor modulo operation between two numbers considering bints.
    -- The operation is defined as the remainder of the floor division
    -- (division that rounds the quotient towards minus infinity).
    -- @param x The numerator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The denominator, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The remainder, a bint or lua number.
    -- @raise Asserts on attempt to divide by zero.
    function bint.__mod(x, y)
        local _, rema = bint_idivmod(x, y)
        return rema
    end

    --- Perform integer power between two integers considering bints.
    -- If y is negative then pow is performed as an unsigned integer.
    -- @param x The base, an integer.
    -- @param y The exponent, an integer.
    -- @return The result of the pow operation, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    -- @see bint.__pow
    -- @see bint.upowmod
    function bint.ipow(x, y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        if y:iszero() then
            return bint_one()
        elseif y:isone() then
            return bint_new(x)
        end
        -- compute exponentiation by squaring
        x, y = bint_new(x), bint_new(y)
        local z = bint_one()
        repeat
            if y:iseven() then
                x = x * x
                y:_shrone()
            else
                z = x * z
                x = x * x
                y:_dec():_shrone()
            end
        until y:isone()
        return x * z
    end

    --- Perform integer power between two unsigned integers over a modulus considering bints.
    -- @param x The base, an integer.
    -- @param y The exponent, an integer.
    -- @param m The modulus, an integer.
    -- @return The result of the pow operation, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    -- @see bint.__pow
    -- @see bint.ipow
    function bint.upowmod(x, y, m)
        m = bint_assert_convert(m)
        if m:isone() then
            return bint_zero()
        end
        x, y = bint_new(x), bint_new(y)
        local z = bint_one()
        x = bint_umod(x, m)
        while not y:iszero() do
            if y:isodd() then
                z = bint_umod(z * x, m)
            end
            y:_shrone()
            x = bint_umod(x * x, m)
        end
        return z
    end

    --- Perform numeric power between two numbers considering bints.
    -- This always casts inputs to floats, for integer power only use @{bint.ipow}.
    -- @param x The base, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y The exponent, a bint or lua number.
    -- @return The result of the pow operation, a lua number.
    -- @see bint.ipow
    function bint.__pow(x, y)
        return bint_tonumber(x) ^ bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Bitwise left shift integers considering bints.
    -- @param x An integer to perform the bitwise shift.
    -- @param y An integer with the number of bits to shift.
    -- @return The result of shift operation, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__shl(x, y)
        x, y = bint_new(x), bint_assert_tointeger(y)
        if y < 0 then
            return x >> -y
        end
        local nvals = y // BINT_WORDBITS
        if nvals ~= 0 then
            x:_shlwords(nvals)
            y = y - nvals * BINT_WORDBITS
        end
        if y ~= 0 then
            local wordbitsmy = BINT_WORDBITS - y
            for i = BINT_SIZE, 2, -1 do
                x[i] = ((x[i] << y) | (x[i - 1] >> wordbitsmy)) & BINT_WORDMAX
            end
            x[1] = (x[1] << y) & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        return x
    end

    --- Bitwise right shift integers considering bints.
    -- @param x An integer to perform the bitwise shift.
    -- @param y An integer with the number of bits to shift.
    -- @return The result of shift operation, a bint.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__shr(x, y)
        x, y = bint_new(x), bint_assert_tointeger(y)
        if y < 0 then
            return x << -y
        end
        local nvals = y // BINT_WORDBITS
        if nvals ~= 0 then
            x:_shrwords(nvals)
            y = y - nvals * BINT_WORDBITS
        end
        if y ~= 0 then
            local wordbitsmy = BINT_WORDBITS - y
            for i = 1, BINT_SIZE - 1 do
                x[i] = ((x[i] >> y) | (x[i + 1] << wordbitsmy)) & BINT_WORDMAX
            end
            x[BINT_SIZE] = x[BINT_SIZE] >> y
        end
        return x
    end

    --- Bitwise AND bints (in-place).
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise AND.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_band(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            self[i] = self[i] & y[i]
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Bitwise AND two integers considering bints.
    -- @param x An integer to perform bitwise AND.
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise AND.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__band(x, y)
        return bint_new(x):_band(y)
    end

    --- Bitwise OR bints (in-place).
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise OR.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_bor(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            self[i] = self[i] | y[i]
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Bitwise OR two integers considering bints.
    -- @param x An integer to perform bitwise OR.
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise OR.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__bor(x, y)
        return bint_new(x):_bor(y)
    end

    --- Bitwise XOR bints (in-place).
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise XOR.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint:_bxor(y)
        y = bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            self[i] = self[i] ~ y[i]
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Bitwise XOR two integers considering bints.
    -- @param x An integer to perform bitwise XOR.
    -- @param y An integer to perform bitwise XOR.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__bxor(x, y)
        return bint_new(x):_bxor(y)
    end

    --- Bitwise NOT a bint (in-place).
    function bint:_bnot()
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            self[i] = (~self[i]) & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        return self
    end

    --- Bitwise NOT a bint.
    -- @param x An integer to perform bitwise NOT.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    function bint.__bnot(x)
        local y = setmetatable({}, bint)
        for i = 1, BINT_SIZE do
            y[i] = (~x[i]) & BINT_WORDMAX
        end
        return y
    end

    --- Negate a bint (in-place). This effectively applies two's complements.
    function bint:_unm()
        return self:_bnot():_inc()
    end

    --- Negate a bint. This effectively applies two's complements.
    -- @param x A bint to perform negation.
    function bint.__unm(x)
        return (~x):_inc()
    end

    --- Compare if integer x is less than y considering bints (unsigned version).
    -- @param x Left integer to compare.
    -- @param y Right integer to compare.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    -- @see bint.__lt
    function bint.ult(x, y)
        x, y = bint_assert_convert(x), bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
            local a, b = x[i], y[i]
            if a ~= b then
                return a < b
            end
        end
        return false
    end

    --- Compare if bint x is less or equal than y considering bints (unsigned version).
    -- @param x Left integer to compare.
    -- @param y Right integer to compare.
    -- @raise Asserts in case inputs are not convertible to integers.
    -- @see bint.__le
    function bint.ule(x, y)
        x, y = bint_assert_convert(x), bint_assert_convert(y)
        for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
            local a, b = x[i], y[i]
            if a ~= b then
                return a < b
            end
        end
        return true
    end

    --- Compare if number x is less than y considering bints and signs.
    -- @param x Left value to compare, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y Right value to compare, a bint or lua number.
    -- @see bint.ult
    function bint.__lt(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local xneg = ix[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            local yneg = iy[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            if xneg == yneg then
                for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
                    local a, b = ix[i], iy[i]
                    if a ~= b then
                        return a < b
                    end
                end
                return false
            end
            return xneg and not yneg
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) < bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Compare if number x is less or equal than y considering bints and signs.
    -- @param x Left value to compare, a bint or lua number.
    -- @param y Right value to compare, a bint or lua number.
    -- @see bint.ule
    function bint.__le(x, y)
        local ix, iy = tobint(x), tobint(y)
        if ix and iy then
            local xneg = ix[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            local yneg = iy[BINT_SIZE] & BINT_WORDMSB ~= 0
            if xneg == yneg then
                for i = BINT_SIZE, 1, -1 do
                    local a, b = ix[i], iy[i]
                    if a ~= b then
                        return a < b
                    end
                end
                return true
            end
            return xneg and not yneg
        end
        return bint_tonumber(x) <= bint_tonumber(y)
    end

    --- Convert a bint to a string on base 10.
    -- @see bint.tobase
    function bint:__tostring()
        return self:tobase(10)
    end

    -- Allow creating bints by calling bint itself
    setmetatable(bint, {
        __call = function(_, x)
            return bint_new(x)
        end,
    })

    BINT_MATHMININTEGER, BINT_MATHMAXINTEGER = bint_new(math.mininteger), bint_new(math.maxinteger)
    BINT_MININTEGER = bint.mininteger()
    memo[memoindex] = bint

    return bint

end

return newmodule